Language Disorder
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Rethinking Reading Disorders: Language Foundations, Risk Pathways, and Protective Factors
Understanding how children learn to read requires a comprehensive understanding of language, phonology, cognition, and environmental factors. While phonological processing deficits have long been considered central to dyslexia (Snowling, 2000; Vellutino et al., 2004), growing evidence suggests that reading difficulties can emerge from multiple developmental pathways, influence by a diverse combination of risk and protective factors (Hulme & Snowling, 2016; Catts et al., 2017). These individual differences underscore why some children struggle primarily with decoding, others with comprehension, and many with both.
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Language impairment needs more recognition in the juvenile justice system
Language and communication impairments in adolescents in custody is much higher than in the general population, estimates range from 60-90% compared to 7-12%. A study from Nathan Hughes and colleagues has investigated co-morbidity of language difficulties in a cohort of 93 young male offenders (15-18 years) held in a secure custodial facility in the UK.
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